diode
Hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ib qho khoom siv nrog ob lub electrodes uas tsuas yog tso cai rau tam sim no ntws mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia feem ntau yog siv rau nws txoj haujlwm kho. Thiab varactor diodes yog siv los ua hluav taws xob adjustable capacitors. Cov kev taw qhia tam sim no muaj los ntawm feem ntau diodes feem ntau hu ua "rectification" muaj nuj nqi. Lub luag haujlwm feem ntau ntawm lub diode yog tso cai rau tam sim no dhau mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia nkaus xwb (paub tias kev tsis ncaj ncees rau pem hauv ntej), thiab thaiv nws hauv qhov thim rov qab (lub npe hu ua thim rov qab). Yog li, diodes tuaj yeem xav tias yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov tshev valve.
Thaum ntxov nqus hluav taws xob diodes; Nws yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem ua tam sim no unidirectionally. Muaj PN kev sib tshuam nrog ob lub ntsiab lus txhuas hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob semiconductor, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob no muaj unidirectional tam sim no conductivity raws li cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Feem ntau hais lus, siv lead ua diode yog pn junction interface tsim los ntawm sintering p-type thiab n-hom semiconductors. Qhov chaw them cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog tsim rau ntawm ob sab ntawm nws cov interface, ua rau nws tus kheej tsim hluav taws xob teb. Thaum qhov hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob sib npaug rau xoom, qhov sib txawv tam sim no tshwm sim los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm ob sab ntawm pn hlws ris thiab cov drift tam sim no los ntawm tus kheej tsim hluav taws xob teb yog sib npaug thiab hauv lub xeev hluav taws xob sib npaug, uas kuj yog. tus yam ntxwv ntawm diodes nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob.
Thaum ntxov diodes suav nrog "miv whisker crystals" thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum (lub npe hu ua "thermal ionization li qub" hauv UK). Cov diodes niaj hnub no feem ntau siv cov khoom siv semiconductor xws li silicon lossis germanium.

yam ntxwv
Kev zoo
Thaum ib qho kev siv hluav taws xob rau pem hauv ntej, thaum pib ntawm tus yam ntxwv rau pem hauv ntej, qhov hluav taws xob rau pem hauv ntej yog me me thiab tsis txaus los kov yeej cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob hauv PN kev sib tshuam. Lub pem hauv ntej tam sim no yuav luag xoom, thiab ntu no hu ua qhov chaw tuag. Qhov hluav taws xob rau pem hauv ntej uas tsis tuaj yeem ua rau lub diode coj yog hu ua qhov tuag qhov hluav taws xob. Thaum qhov hluav taws xob rau pem hauv ntej yog siab dua qhov chaw tuag voltage, lub teb hluav taws xob hauv PN kev sib tshuam tau kov yeej, lub diode coj mus rau pem hauv ntej, thiab tam sim no nrawm nrog qhov nce ntawm qhov hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm kev siv tam sim no, lub davhlau ya nyob twg voltage ntawm lub diode tseem yuav luag tas li thaum lub sij hawm conduction, thiab qhov voltage no yog hu ua rau pem hauv ntej voltage ntawm lub diode. Thaum lub zog rau pem hauv ntej hla lub diode tshaj ib qho nqi, qhov hluav taws xob sab hauv hluav taws xob tsis muaj zog sai, cov yam ntxwv tam sim no nce sai, thiab lub diode coj mus rau pem hauv ntej. Nws yog hu ua threshold voltage lossis threshold voltage, uas yog hais txog 0.5V rau silicon raj thiab txog 0.1V rau germanium hlab. Kev xa hluav taws xob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm silicon diodes yog kwv yees li 0.6-0.8V, thiab cov xaim hluav taws xob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm germanium diodes yog li 0.2-0.3V.
Rov qab polarity
Thaum qhov kev thov rov qab voltage tsis tshaj ib qho kev sib tw, qhov tam sim no dhau los ntawm lub diode yog qhov rov qab tam sim no tsim los ntawm kev txav txav ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom tsawg. Vim yog qhov me me rov qab tam sim no, lub diode nyob rau hauv lub xeev txiav tawm. Qhov rov qab tam sim no tseem hu ua thim rov qab saturation tam sim no los yog to tam sim no, thiab rov qab saturation tam sim no ntawm lub diode cuam tshuam zoo heev los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov rov qab tam sim no ntawm ib txwm silicon transistor yog me dua li ntawm germanium transistor. Qhov rov qab saturation tam sim no ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsawg silicon transistor yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm nA, thaum lub zog qis germanium transistor yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm μ A. Thaum kub nce, lub semiconductor zoo siab los ntawm tshav kub, tus naj npawb ntawm Cov neeg nqa khoom tsawg nce ntxiv, thiab qhov rov qab saturation tam sim no kuj nce raws li.

kev tawg
Thaum qhov kev thov rov qab voltage ntau dua ib qho nqi, qhov rov qab tam sim no yuav nce sai, uas yog hu ua hluav taws xob tawg. Qhov hluav taws xob tseem ceeb uas ua rau hluav taws xob tawg yog hu ua diode thim rov qab tawg hluav taws xob. Thaum ib qho hluav taws xob tawg tshwm sim, lub diode poob nws cov unidirectional conductivity. Yog hais tias lub diode tsis overheat vim hluav taws xob tawg, nws unidirectional conductivity yuav tsis raug puas tsuaj mus tas li. Nws qhov kev ua tau zoo tseem tuaj yeem rov qab los tom qab tshem tawm qhov siv hluav taws xob, txwv tsis pub lub diode yuav puas. Yog li ntawd, ntau dhau qhov hluav taws xob rov qab siv rau lub diode yuav tsum zam thaum siv.
Lub diode yog ob lub davhlau ya nyob twg nrog unidirectional conductivity, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua hluav taws xob diodes thiab siv lead ua diodes. Cov hluav taws xob diodes muaj kev ua haujlwm qis dua li siv lead ua diodes vim qhov kub ntawm cov filament poob, yog li lawv tsis tshua pom. Crystal diodes yog ntau dua thiab feem ntau siv. Lub unidirectional conductivity ntawm diodes yog siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov hluav taws xob circuits, thiab semiconductor diodes ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau yam circuits. Lawv yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor thaum ntxov thiab muaj ntau yam kev siv.
Lub pem hauv ntej voltage poob ntawm silicon diode (tsis luminous hom) yog 0.7V, thaum lub pem hauv ntej voltage poob ntawm ib tug germanium diode yog 0.3V. Lub pem hauv ntej voltage poob ntawm lub teeb-emitting diode nws txawv nrog txawv luminous xim. Feem ntau muaj peb xim, thiab qhov tshwj xeeb voltage nco qhov tseem ceeb yog raws li nram no: qhov voltage poob ntawm lub teeb liab-emitting diodes yog 2.0-2.2V, qhov voltage poob ntawm lub teeb daj-emitting diodes yog 1.8-2.0V, thiab qhov voltage. poob ntawm lub teeb ntsuab-emitting diodes yog 3.0-3.2V. Qhov ntsuas tam sim no thaum lub teeb pom kev zoo yog li 20mA.
Qhov voltage thiab tam sim no ntawm ib lub diode tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam, yog li thaum sib txuas cov diodes sib txawv nyob rau hauv parallel, cov resistors tsim nyog yuav tsum tau txuas nrog.

yam ntxwv nkhaus
Zoo li PN junctions, diodes muaj unidirectional conductivity. Hom volt ampere yam ntxwv nkhaus ntawm silicon diode. Thaum ib qho hluav taws xob rau pem hauv ntej siv rau lub diode, qhov tam sim no me me heev thaum tus nqi hluav taws xob tsawg; Thaum qhov hluav taws xob ntau tshaj 0.6V, tam sim no pib nce exponentially, uas yog feem ntau hu ua qhov tig-on voltage ntawm lub diode; Thaum qhov hluav taws xob nce mus txog 0.7V, lub diode yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov conductive lub xeev, feem ntau hu ua lub conduction voltage ntawm lub diode, sawv cev los ntawm lub cim UD.
Rau germanium diodes, tig-on voltage yog 0.2V thiab conduction voltage UD yog kwv yees li 0.3V. Thaum qhov hluav taws xob rov qab siv rau lub diode, qhov tam sim no me me heev thaum tus nqi hluav taws xob qis, thiab nws cov nqi tam sim no yog qhov rov qab saturation tam sim no IS. Thaum qhov hluav taws xob thim rov qab tshaj ib qho nqi, qhov tam sim no pib nce siab, uas yog hu ua thim rov qab tawg. Qhov hluav taws xob no yog hu ua qhov rov qab tawg voltage ntawm lub diode thiab yog sawv cev los ntawm lub cim UBR. Qhov tawg voltage UBR qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ntau hom diodes sib txawv heev, xws li kaum tawm volts mus rau ntau txhiab volts.

Rov qab tawg
Zener kev puas tsuaj
Rov qab kev puas tsuaj tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom raws li lub tshuab: Zener tawg thiab Avalanche tawg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm siab doping concentration, vim qhov me me dav ntawm lub barrier cheeb tsam thiab lub loj rov qab voltage, covalent daim ntawv cog lus qauv nyob rau hauv lub barrier cheeb tsam raug puas tsuaj, ua rau lub valence electrons tawg dawb los ntawm covalent bonds thiab tsim electron qhov khub, ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv tam sim no. Qhov kev tawg no yog hu ua Zener breakdown. Yog tias qhov doping concentration tsawg thiab qhov dav ntawm thaj tsam barrier yog qhov dav, nws tsis yooj yim los ua Zener tawg.

Avalanche tawg
Lwm hom kev tawg yog avalanche tawg. Thaum qhov rov qab voltage nce mus rau tus nqi loj, qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob nrawm nrawm nrawm nrawm, ua rau muaj kev sib tsoo nrog cov valence electrons hauv covalent daim ntawv cog lus, knocking lawv tawm ntawm covalent daim ntawv cog lus thiab tsim tshiab electron qhov khub. Lub qhov hluav taws xob tsim tawm tshiab tau nrawm los ntawm lub tshav pob hluav taws xob thiab sib tsoo nrog lwm cov hluav taws xob valence, ua rau lub avalanche zoo li nce tus nqi thauj khoom thiab qhov nce ntxiv ntawm tam sim no. Hom kev tawg no yog hu ua avalanche breakdown. Txawm hais tias hom kev puas tsuaj, yog tias qhov tam sim no tsis txwv, nws yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj mus tas li rau PN junction.